CSS:

CSS or Cascading Style Sheets, is a language used to make web pages look pretty. It works with HTML(Hyper Text Markup Language) and lets you decide how things like colors, fonts, backgrounds, margins, positioning, and spacing should appear on a website. You can use CSS to create attractive designs and control the layout of elements on a page. CSS is like a set of instructions for web browsers, telling them how to show the content on a website.

It allows you to create beautiful and engaging designs by controlling the look and feel of every element on a webpage. for example, you can change the color of the text, adjust the size and styles of fonts, create borders around images, align elements in specific ways, and even add animations and transitions to make the page interactive.

CSS Selectors:

CSS selectors are like instructions that tell the web browser which parts of a webpage to change the appearance of. They use tags, classes, or IDs to select specific elements. By using CSS selectors, you can make those elements look different by applying different styles, like changing colors or positions. CSS selectors are important because they help you make your website look better and more visually engaging and user-friendly for visitors.

Types of CSS Selectors:

1. Universal selector: The universal selector in CSS, represented by an asterisk (*). It targets all elements in the HTML document. When you use the universal selector in your CSS rules, it applies styles to every element on the page. It's useful when you want to set a default style for all elements or make global style changes.

Here's an example of using the universal selector to set a default margin and padding of 0 for all elements:

* {
  margin:0;
  padding:0;
}

In the above code, the universal selector selects and applies the specified styles to all elements in the document, effectively removing any default margin and padding.

However, If you want to change the color of the entire page to yellow. you can achieve this by applying the following CSS rule:

* { 
 background-color:yellow;
}

1. Individual selector: An individual selector in CSS is used to target and apply styles to specific elements individually. It allows you to select and modify the styling of a single element without affecting others.

Example:

p{ 
Background-color: purple;
color: white;
}

In this case, the selector` p `targets all`<p>` elements in the HTML page, and it changes their background color to red and their text color to white. This is an example of an individual selector targeting a group of elements.

1. Class and Id selector:

a. Class selector: A class selector is denoted by a dot (.) followed by the class name. It is used to target and style elements that share the same class attribute. By applying a class selector to elements, you can easily group and style them together.

Example-1: Here's a simpler example using class selectors with a list

CSS code:

.list-item {
  color: blue;
  font-weight: bold;
}

HTML code:

<ul>
  <li class="list-item">Item 1</li>
  <li class="list-item">Item 2</li>
  <li class="list-item">Item 3</li>
</ul>

In this example, the class selector ` .list-item ` is used to target all list items `<li>` within the unordered list `<ul>` that have the class "list-item". The specified styles will be applied to each list item with that class.

The CSS rules set the text color to blue and make the text appear bold for the list items. As a result, all the list items within the `<ul>` will have blue text and appear in bold.

Example-2:

CSS code:

.button {
  background-color: red;
  color: white;
  font-weight: bold;
  padding: 10px 20px;
}

In the above example, ` .button ` is a class selector that targets all elements with the CLASS attribute set to "button". By using this selector, you can change the background color to red, text color to White, make the text Bold and apply specific padding to all elements with that class.

b. ID selector: An ID selector is denoted by a hash symbol (#) and is used to style a specific element on a web page. It targets the element based on its unique identifier, known as the "id" attribute. The ID attribute ensures that each element has a distinct identification within the HTML document.

In the given example, the HTML page contains multiple paragraphs, but one of them has the ID "imp-paragraph":

HTML code:

<p>This is the first paragraph.</p>
<p id="imp-paragraph">This is the special paragraph.</p>
<p>This is the third paragraph.</p>

By using the ID selector in CSS, we can apply specific styles to the paragraph with the ID "imp-paragraph". In this case, the CSS code sets the text color to black and the font weight to bold:

CSS code:

 #imp-paragraph {
  color:black;
  font-weight: bold;
}

As a result, only the paragraph that has the ID "imp-paragraph" will be styled according to the specified CSS rules, while the remaining paragraphs on the page will not be affected by these styles.

1. Descendant selector: Descendant selectors, also known as descendant combinators, are CSS selectors used to target elements that are located inside another specific element. They select elements based on their position in the HTML structure.

Example:

HTML code:

<div class="container">
  <p>This is a paragraph inside the container.</p>
</div>

CSS code:

.container p {
  color:orange;
}

In this example, the descendant selector**`.container p`** targets the `<p>` element that is located inside the `<div>` element with the class "container". The CSS rule sets the text color of this targeted `<p>` element to orange.

As a result, the text inside the `<p>` element within the `<div>` with the class "container" will appear in orange.

1. Direct Child selector: Represented by the `>` symbol, it is used to target elements that are immediate children of a specific parent. It selects only

   those elements that are directly positioned within the parent element.

Example:

HTML code:

<div class="parent">
  <ul>
    <li>Apple</li>
    <li>Mango</li>
  </ul>
</div>

CSS code:

.parent > ul {
  background-color: green;
}

In this example, the direct child selector `.parent > ul**`** targets the `<ul>` element that is directly positioned within the `<div>` element with the class "parent". The CSS rule sets the background color of this targeted `<ul>` element to green.

As a result, the background color of the `<ul>` element, which is the immediate child of the `<div>` with the class "parent", will change to green.

1. Sibling Selector: Denoted by the plus symbol (+), is used to select an element that immediately follows another specific element. The sibling elements must have the same parent element and appear directly after each other in the HTML structure.

example:

HTML code:

<ul>
  <li>Apple</li>
  <li class="selected">Banana</li>
  <li>Orange</li>
</ul>

CSS code:

li.selected + li{ 
    color: red;
}

In this example, the sibling selector `li. selected + li` targets the `<li>` element that comes immediately after the `<li>` element with the class "selected". The CSS rule sets the text color of this targeted `<li>` element to red.

As a result, the text color of the `<li>` element with the content "Orange", which is the sibling immediately following the `<li>` element with the class "selected", will change to red.

1. Pseudo Selector:

   a. Before pseudo Selector: represented by `:: before`, is used to create a pseudo-element that is inserted before the content of each selected element. It allows you to add additional content or style to elements without modifying the actual HTML structure.

Example:

HTML code:

<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

CSS code:

p::before {
  content:"Before";
  color: golden;
}

As a result, before the actual content of each `<p>` element, the pseudo-element with the text "Before " will be inserted, and its text color will be golden.

b. After pseudo Selector: Denoted by `:: after`, is used to create a pseudo-element that is inserted after the content of each selected element. It allows you to add additional content or style to elements without modifying the actual HTML structure.

Example:

HTML code:

<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

CSS code:

p::after {
  content:"After";
  color:green;
}

As a result, after the actual content of each `<p>` element, the pseudo-element with the text " After" will be inserted, and its text color will be green.

CSS selectors are powerful tools that allow web developers to target and style specific elements on a webpage. Understanding the various types of selectors, such as Universal selectors, Individual selectors, class selectors, ID selectors, descendant selectors, and pseudo-selectors, provides the flexibility to apply styles to elements based on their attributes, position, or relationship with other elements.Mastering CSS selectors empowers developers to design engaging websites. Happy coding!